Energy security, as a key element of countries’ sustainable development, has attracted considerable attention from global policymaking institutions as well as research and academic centers. This study aims to trace and examine trends in energy security in order to identify the factors influencing them. To achieve this objective, an analysis emphasizing science mapping and performance analysis was conducted. The most relevant factors affecting energy security were then examined, and a comprehensive analysis was carried out using VOSviewer software. The results indicate that no substantial increase in the number of energy-security studies occurred during the early years of the period examined. However, the number of publications increased from 489 in 2014 to 1,073 in 2023, with an average of 854 publications per year over the period, indicating a marked increase in researchers’ attention to the field of energy-security studies. Furthermore, the research collaboration network in energy security reveals a substantial number of international partnerships, including joint research activities among various research institutions. In addition to providing targeted information on trends in energy-security research, this study serves as a strategic roadmap for future researchers, helping them define their research within emerging and continuously evolving areas of energy security.